adsimulator: a realistic simulator of Active Directory domains
Author: Nicolas Carolo [email protected]
Copyright: © 2022, Nicolas Carolo.
Date: 2022-01-09
Version: 1.0.0
PURPOSE
adsimulator
is a graph-based tool for the simulation of realistic Active Directory environments. The graph models are generated according to a customizable list of requirements and represent the relationships between the nodes of an Active Directory domain. Finally, graphs are stored in a Neo4j graph database instance. This tool is inspired by DBCreator, but it provides more features.
The ability to generate graphs according to specific requirements is the most relevant functionality offered by adsimulator
. For example, it is possible to generate environments affected by vulnerabilities (e.g., various types of ACL misconfigurations, inadequate security policies) that make them possible targets of cyber-attacks, such as AS-REP Roasting and DCSync. In addition, it is possible to choose the size of Active Directory environments by setting up the number of domain trusts, Security Principals, OUs, and GPOs. Moreover, it is possible to set the probabilities associated with object properties.
The following table summarizes the most relevant parameters used in the generation of an Active Directory domain.
Object | Property | Description | Value |
---|---|---|---|
ACL | ACLsProbability |
Probability of each access control right (e.g., GenericAll , AddMember , WriteDacl ) |
Integer for each right (0-100). The sum of the probabilities must be equal to 100 |
Computer | nComputers |
Number of computers | Integer > 0 |
Computer | CanRDPFromUserPercentage CanRDPFromGroupPercentage |
Maximum percentage of computers with CanRDP edges from users groups. | Integer (0-100) |
Computer | CanPSRemoteFromUserPercentage CanPSRemoteFromGroupPercentage |
Maximum percentage of computers with CanPSRemote edges from users groups |
Integer (0-100) |
Computer | ExecuteDCOMFromUserPercentage ExecuteDCOMFromGroupPercentage |
Maximum Percentage of computers with ExecuteDCOM edges from users groups |
Integer (0-100) |
Computer | AllowedToDelegateFromUserPercentage AllowedToDelegateFromComputerPercentage |
Maximum percentage of users computers with AllowedToDelegate edges |
Integer (0-100) |
Computer DC User |
enabled |
Probability that an object is enabled | Integer (0-100) |
Computer User |
unconstraineddelegation |
Probability that an object has unconstrained delegation enabled | Integer (0-100) |
Computer DC |
osProbability |
Probability of each OS version | Integer for each OS version (0-100). The sum of the probabilities must be equal to 100 |
Domain | functionalLevelProbability |
Probability of each functional level value | Integer for each functional level (0-100). The sum of the probabilities must be equal to 100 |
Domain | Trusts |
Number of Inbound, Outbound and Bidirectional trusts | Integer >= 0 |
GPO | nGPOs |
Number of GPOs | Integer > 0 |
Group | nGroups |
The number of groups | nteger > 0 |
OU | nOUs |
Number of OUs | Even integer > 0 |
User | nUsers |
Number of users | Integer > 0 |
User | dontreqpreauth |
Probability that a user has Kerberos pre-authentication disabled | Integer (0-100) |
User | hassp |
Probability that a user has a SPN | Integer (0-100) |
User | passwordnotreqd |
Probability that a user does not have a login password | Integer (0-100) |
User | pwdneverexpires |
Probability that a user’s password never expires | Integer (0-100) |
User | sidhistory |
Probability that a user previously belonged to another domain | Integer (0-100) |
Structure of simulated Active Directory domains
The graph generated by adsimulator
contains nodes and edges. Nodes represent the domain objects, while edges represent the relationships between objects.
Nodes represent the following Active Directory objects:
- Domains
- Organizational Units (OUs)
- Groups
- Users
- Computers
- Group Policy Objects (GPOs)
Edges represent the following relationships:
- Domain/OU to OU, Domain/OU to Security Principal:
Contains
- Domain to Domain:
TrustedBy
- Security Principal to Group:
AddMember
,MemberOf
- Security Principal to Computer:
AdminTo
,CanPSRemote
,CanRDP
,ExecuteDCOM
- User to Computer:
HasSession
- ACLs:
AllExtendedRights
,AddAllowedToAct
,AllowedToAct
,AllowedToDelegate
,ForceChangePassword
,GenericAll
,GenericWrite
,GetChanges
,GetChangesAll
,Owns
,WriteDacl
,WriteOwner
- GPO to Domain/OU:
GpLink
For more details about relationships, you can consult the official BloodHound guide.
This graph shows an example of how users and computers are organized in Organizational Units and in the domain. Yellow nodes represent users, violet nodes represent computers, blue nodes are Organizational Units, and the red node is the domain. The green node denotes the compromised user who was exploited for enumerating the Active Directory domain represented by the graph model. Users and computers are contained in Organizational Units and Organizational Units are contained in the domain.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
Supported OS
- Linux
- macOS
Interpreter and tools
- Python 3
- Neo4j
INSTALLATION
Linux
- Install Neo4j
- Create a new Neo4j database instance with the following credentials:
- Username:
neo4j
- Password:
password
- Username:
- Install
apoc
plugin - Append the following lines to the settings file:
apoc.import.file.enabled=true apoc.import.file.use_neo4j_config=false apoc.export.file.enabled=true
- Install
adsimulator
running the following commands:git clone https://github.com/nicolas_carolo/adsimulator cd adsimulator ./installer_linux.sh pip install -r requirements.txt python setup.py install
macOS
- Install Neo4j
- Create a new Neo4j database instance with the following credentials:
- Username:
neo4j
- Password:
password
- Username:
- Install
apoc
plugin - Append the following lines to the settings file:
apoc.import.file.enabled=true apoc.import.file.use_neo4j_config=false apoc.export.file.enabled=true
- Install
adsimulator
running the following commands:git clone https://github.com/nicolas_carolo/adsimulator cd adsimulator ./installer_darwin.sh pip install -r requirements.txt python setup.py install
USAGE
Running
$ adsimulator
Commands
dbconfig
– Set the credentials and the database URLconnect
– Connect to the database using supplied credentialssetparams
– Import the settings JSON file containing the parameters for the graph generation. Here, a template you can use for customizing setting and generate different Active Directory models.setdomain
– Set the domain namecleardb
– Clear the database and set the schema properlygenerate
– Connect to the database, clear the DB, set the schema, and generate the random graph model. If you use this command followed by a file path (e.g.,generate /tmp/testlab.json
), you can export the graph model as a JSON file.exit
– Exit
View generated graph models
The generated graph models are available at http://localhost:7474/
, where we can execute Cypher queries for generating graphs. Here, some examples of Cypher queries.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2022, Nicolas Carolo.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
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Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -
Neither the name of the author of this software nor the names of
contributors to this software may be used to endorse or promote
products derived from this software without specific prior written
consent.
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