plusplus

Enable ++x and --x expressions in Python

What’s this?

By default, Python supports neither pre-increments (like ++x) nor post-increments (like x++). However, the first ones are syntactically correct since Python parses them as two subsequent +x operations, where + is the unary plus operator (same with --x and the unary minus). They both have no effect, since in practice -(-x) == +(+x) == x.

This module turns the ++x-like expressions into x += 1 at the bytecode level. Increments and decrements of collection items and object attributes are supported as well, for example:

dictionary = {'key': 42}
++dictionary['key']
assert dictionary['key'] == 43

Unlike x += 1, ++x is still an expression, so the increments work fine inside other expressions, if/while conditions, lambda functions, and list/dict comprehensions:

array[++index] = new_value

if --connection.num_users == 0:
    connection.close()

button.add_click_callback(lambda: ++counter)

index = 0
indexed_cells = {++index: cell for row in table for cell in row}

See tests for more sophisticated examples.

[How it works] [Installation]

Why?

This module is made for fun, as a demonstration of Python flexibility and bytecode manipulation techniques. Note that enabling increments in real projects may be risky: such code may confuse new developers and behave differently if copied to environments without the plusplus module. Also, this feature gives more opportunities to write unreadable code in general.

Nevertheless, there are situations where increments (if used with care) may allow to avoid repetitions or make code more readable. Some of them are listed here with the examples from the source code of the Python standard library.

Also, having the increment expressions seems consistent with PEP 572 “Assignment Expressions” that introduced the x := value expressions in Python 3.8+. They can be used inside if/while conditions and lambda functions as well.

How it works?

Patching bytecode

Python compiles all source code to a low-level bytecode executed on the Python’s stack-based virtual machine. Each bytecode instruction consumes a few items from the stack, does something with them, and pushes the results back to the stack.

The ++x expressions are compiled into two consecutive UNARY_POSITIVE instructions that do not save the intermediate result in between (same with --x and two UNARY_NEGATIVE instructions). No other expressions produce a similar bytecode pattern.

plusplus replaces these patterns with the bytecode for x += 1, then adds the bytecode for storing the resulting value to the place where the initial value was taken.

This is what happens for the y = ++x line:

A similar but more complex transformation happens for the code with subscription expressions like value = ++dictionary['key']. We need the instructions from the yellow boxes to save the initial location and recall it when the increment is done (see the explanation below):

This bytecode is similar to what the string dictionary['key'] += 1 compiles to. The only difference is that it keeps an extra copy of the incremented value, so we can return it from the expression and assign it to the value variable.

Arguably, the least clear part here is the second yellow box. Actually, it is only needed to reorder the top 4 items of the stack. If we need to reorder the top 2 or 3 items of the stack, we can just use the ROT_TWO and ROT_THREE instructions (they do a circular shift of the specified number of items of the stack). If we had a ROT_FOUR instruction, we would be able to just replace the second yellow box with two ROT_FOURs to achieve the desired order.

However, ROT_FOUR was removed in Python 3.2 (since it was rarely used by the compiler) and recovered back only in Python 3.8. If we want to support Python 3.3 – 3.7, we need to use a workaround, e.g. the BUILD_TUPLE and UNPACK_SEQUENCE instructions. The first one replaces the top N items of the stack with a tuple made of these N items. The second unpacks the tuple putting the values on the stack right-to-left, i.e. in reverse order. We use them to reverse the top 4 items, then swap the top two to achieve the desired order.

[Source code]

The @enable_increments decorator

The first way to enable the increments is to use a decorator that would patch the bytecode of a given function.

The decorator disassembles the bytecode, patches the patterns described above, and recursively calls itself for any nested bytecode objects (this way, the nested function and class definitions are also patched).

The bytecode is disassembled and assembled back using the MatthieuDartiailh/bytecode library.

[Source code]

Enabling increments in the whole package

The Python import system allows loading modules not only from files but from any reasonable place (e.g. there was a module that enables importing code from Stack Overflow answers). The only thing you need is to provide module contents, including its bytecode.

We can leverage this to implement a wrapping loader that imports the module as usual but patching its bytecode as described above. To do this, we can create a new MetaPathFinder and install it to sys.meta_path.

[Source code]

Why not just override unary plus operator?

• This way, it would be impossible to distinguish applying two unary operators consequently (like ++x) from applying them in separate places of a program (like in the snippet below). It is important to not change behavior in the latter case.

  x = -value
  y = -x

• Overriding operators via magic methods (such as __pos__() and __neg__()) do not work for built-in Python types like int, float, etc. In contrast, plusplus works with all built-in and user-defined types.

Caveats

• pytest does its own bytecode modifications in tests, adding the code to save intermediate expression results to the assert statements. This is necessary to show these results if the test fails (see pytest docs).

  By default, this breaks the plusplus patcher because the two UNARY_POSITIVE instructions become separated by the code saving the result of the first UNARY_POSITIVE.

  We fix that by removing the code saving some of the intermediate results, which does not break the pytest introspection.

  [Source code]

How to use it?

You can install this module with pip:

pip install plusplus

For a particular function or method

Add a decorator:

from plusplus import enable_increments

@enable_increments
def increment_and_return(x):
    return ++x

This enables increments for all code inside the function, including nested function and class definitions.

For all code in your package

In package/__init__.py, make this call before you import submodules:

from plusplus import enable_increments

enable_increments(__name__)

# Import submodules here
...

This enables increments in the submodules, but not in the package/__init__.py code itself.

Other ideas

The same approach could be used to implement the assignment expressions for the Python versions that don’t support them. For example, we could replace the x <-- value expressions (two unary minuses + one comparison) with actual assignments (setting x to value).

See also

• cpmoptimize — a module that optimizes a Python code calculating linear recurrences, reducing the time complexity from O(n) to O(log n).
• dontasq — a module that adds functional-style methods (such as .where(), .group_by(), .order_by()) to built-in Python collections.

Authors

Copyright © 2021 Alexander Borzunov

GitHub

https://github.com/borzunov/plusplus