MorphNet

Fast & Simple Resource-Constrained Learning of Deep Network Structure.

MorphNet is a method for learning deep network structure during training. The key principle is continuous relaxation of the network-structure learning problem. Specifically, activation sparsity is induced by adding regularizers that target the consumption of specific resources such as FLOPs or model size. When the regularizer loss is added to the training loss and their sum is minimized via stochastic gradient descent or a similar optimizer, the learning problem becomes a constrained optimization of the structure of the network, under the constraint represented by the regularizer. The method was first introduced in our CVPR 2018, paper "MorphNet: Fast & Simple Resource-Constrained Learning of Deep Network Structure". A overview of the approach as well as new device-specific latency regularizers were prestend in GTC 2019 [slides].

In short, the MorphNet regularizer pushes weights down, and once they are small enough, the corresponding output channels are marked for removal from the network.

Usage

Suppose you have a working convolutional neural network for image classification
but want to shrink the model to satisfy some constraints (e.g., memory,
latency). Given an existing model (the “seed network”) and a target criterion,
MorphNet will propose a new model by adjusting the number of output channels in
each convolution layer.

Note that MorphNet does not change the topology of the network -- the proposed
model will have the same number of layers and connectivity pattern as the seed
network.

To use MorphNet, you must:

  1. Choose a regularizer from morphnet.network_regularizers. The choice is
    based on

    • your target cost (e.g., FLOPs, latency)
    • your network architecture: use Gamma regularizer if the seed network
      has BatchNorm; use GroupLasso otherwise.

    Note: If you use BatchNorm, you must enable the scale parameters (“gamma
    variables”), i.e., by setting scale=True if you are using
    tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization.

  2. Initialize the regularizer with a threshold and the output ops of your model
    (e.g., logits for classification).

    MorphNet regularizer crawls your graph starting from the output ops, and
    applies regularization to some of the ops it encounters. It uses the
    threshold to determine which output channels can be eliminated.

  3. Add the regularization term to your loss.

    As always, regularization loss must be scaled. We recommend to search for
    the scaling hyperparameter (regularization strength) along a logarithmic
    scale spanning a few orders of magnitude around 1/(initial cost). For
    example, if the seed network starts with 1e9 FLOPs, explore regularization
    strength around 1e-9.

    Note: MorphNet does not currently add the regularization loss to the
    tf.GraphKeys.REGULARIZATION_LOSSES collection; this choice is subject to
    revision.

    Note: Do not confuse get_regularization_term() (the loss you should add to
    your training) with get_cost() (the estimated cost of the network if the
    proposed structure is applied).

  4. Train the model.

    Note: We recommend using a fixed learning rate (no decay) for this step,
    though this is not strictly necessary.

  5. Save the proposed model structure with the StructureExporter.

    The exported files are in JSON format. Note that as the training progresses,
    the proposed model structure will change. There are no specific guidelines
    on the stopping time, although you would likely want to wait for the
    regularization loss (reported via summaries) to stabilize.

  6. (Optional) Create summary ops to monitor the training progress through
    TensorBoard.

  7. Modify your model using the StructureExporter output.

  8. Retrain the model from scratch without the MorphNet regularizer.

    Note: Use the standard values for all hyperparameters (such as the learning
    rate schedule).

  9. (Optional) Uniformly expand the network to adjust the accuracy vs. cost
    trade-off as desired. Alternatively, this step can be performed before
    the structure learning step.

We refer to the first round of training as structure learning and the second
round as retraining.

To summarize, the key hyperparameters for MorphNet are:

  • Regularization strength
  • Alive threshold

Note that the regularizer type is not a hyperparameter because it's uniquely
determined by the metric of interest (FLOPs, latency) and the presence of
BatchNorm.

Regularizer Types

Regularizer classes can be found under network_regularizers/ directory. They
are named by the algorithm they use and the target cost they attempt to
minimize. For example, GammaFlopsRegularizer uses the batch norm gamma in
order to regularize the FLOP cost.

Regularizer Algorithms

  • GroupLasso is designed for models without batch norm.
  • Gamma is designed for
    models with batch norm; it requires that batch norm scale is enabled.

Regularizer Target Costs

  • Flops targets the FLOP count of the inference network.
  • Model Size targets the number of weights of the network.
  • Latency optimizes for the estimated inference latency of the network, based
    on the specific hardware characteristics.

Example: Adding a FLOPs Regularizer

The example below demonstrates how to use MorphNet to reduce the number of FLOPs
in your model.

from morph_net.network_regularizers import flop_regularizer
from morph_net.tools import structure_exporter

logits = build_model()

network_regularizer = flop_regularizer.GammaFlopsRegularizer(
    [logits.op], gamma_threshold=1e-3)
regularization_strength = 1e-10
regularizer_loss = (network_regularizer.get_regularization_term() * regularization_strength)

model_loss = tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels, logits)

optimizer = tf.train.MomentumOptimizer(learning_rate=0.01, momentum=0.9)

train_op = optimizer.minimize(model_loss + regularizer_loss)

You should monitor the progress of structure learning training via Tensorboard.
In particular, you should consider adding a summary that computes the current
MorphNet regularization loss and the cost if the currently proposed structure is
adopted.

tf.summary.scalar('RegularizationLoss', regularizer_loss)
tf.summary.scalar(network_regularizer.cost_name, network_regularizer.get_cost())

Larger values of regularization_strength will converge to smaller effective
FLOP count. If regularization_strength is large enough, the FLOP count will
collapse to zero. Conversely, if it is small enough, the FLOP count will remain
at its initial value and the network structure will not vary. The
regularization_strength parameter is your knob to control where you want to be
on the price-performance curve. The gamma_threshold parameter is used for
determining when an activation is alive.

Extracting the Architecture Learned by MorphNet

During training, you should save a JSON file that contains the learned structure
of the network, that is the count of activations in a given layer kept alive (as
opposed to removed) by MorphNet.

exporter = structure_exporter.StructureExporter(
    network_regularizer.op_regularizer_manager)

with tf.Session() as sess:
  tf.global_variables_initializer().run()
  for step in range(max_steps):
    _, structure_exporter_tensors = sess.run([train_op, exporter.tensors])
    if (step % 1000 == 0):
      exporter.populate_tensor_values(structure_exporter_tensors)
      exporter.create_file_and_save_alive_counts(train_dir, step)

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